Paper Title
Breast Self-Examination: Social and Human Limitations—Evidence, Mechanisms, and the Transformative Role of the Brahams Protocol
Article Identifiers
Registration ID: IJNRD_311299
Published ID: IJNRD2512228
: https://doi.org/10.56975/ijnrd.v10i12.311299
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Keywords
Breast self-examination; Partner-assisted palpation; Human factors; Breast cancer screening; Health behavior; Low- and middle-income countries
Abstract
Breast self-examination (BSE) has historically been primarily recommended in low-resource contexts as an accessible method for early breast-cancer detection, and subsequently adapted globally as a screening modality for early breast cancer . Large randomized trials and contemporary systematic reviews have shown little or no mortality benefit from BSE programs; however, less attention has been paid to the social and human reasons behind this failure. This article synthesizes high-quality clinical trials, behavioral science, socio-cultural research, and LMIC ( low and middle income countries) health-systems data to show that BSE’s failures are driven primarily by human factors: fear and avoidance, stigma and modesty, low health literacy, lack of privacy, cognitive biases, absence of reinforcement, and gendered decision dynamics. We quantify these effects where possible, review evidence on diagnostic delay and stage at presentation in LMICs, and explain why simple retraining is insufficient. Finally, we outline how the Brahams Protocol, a partner-assisted, scientifically structured, standardized, health-system linked palpation strategy mitigates each human limitation by introducing reliability, emotional reinforcement, continuity, and objectivity and propose a research metrics for validation.
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How To Cite (APA)
Dr (Maj Gen) B. N. Kapur, Dr (Lt Col) Brahmajit Singh, Dr Vikas Verma, Dr Hemant Kumar Jaiswal, & Dr Sharmistha Roy (December-2025). Breast Self-Examination: Social and Human Limitations—Evidence, Mechanisms, and the Transformative Role of the Brahams Protocol . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 10(12), b225-b234. https://doi.org/10.56975/ijnrd.v10i12.311299
Issue
Volume 10 Issue 12, December-2025
Pages : b225-b234
Other Publication Details
Paper Reg. ID: IJNRD_311299
Published Paper Id: IJNRD2512228
Research Area: Medical Science All
Author Type: Indian Author
Country: Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Published Paper PDF: https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2512228.pdf
Published Paper URL: https://ijnrd.org/viewpaperforall?paper=IJNRD2512228
Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.56975/ijnrd.v10i12.311299
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