Paper Title
Life-cycle sustainability of biochar, magnetic biochar and emerging bio-based adsorbents for microplastic removal from freshwater
Article Identifiers
Registration ID: IJNRD_329237
Published ID: IJNRD2610222
: https://doi.org/10.56975/ijnrd.v11i10.329237
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Keywords
Microplastics; freshwater remediation; biochar; magnetic biochar; bio-based adsorbents; life-cycle assessment; life-cycle costing; regeneration; ecotoxicity; sustainable remediation
Abstract
Microplastics are persistent contaminants increasingly detected across freshwater systems. While adsorption is a promising remediation approach, high removal efficiency alone does not indicate overall sustainability. The holistic economic and environmental performance of an adsorbent depends heavily on raw-material sourcing, synthesis energy, chemical modification, separation, regeneration cycles, and end-of-life management. This review critically evaluates the life-cycle sustainability of waste-biomass-derived biochar, magnetic biochar, and emerging bio-based materials investigated for microplastic remediation. Recent studies show that biochar-based systems achieve exceptional microplastic retention under real-water conditions; jujube-waste biochars and woodchip-derived sand columns have demonstrated >99% to complete removal of nylon and polyethylene particles. Similarly, rice-husk and corncob magnetic biochars exhibit up to 99.96% and 97% removal efficiency, respectively. However, chemical and magnetic modifications introduce secondary environmental burdens via metal precursors, chemical activating agents, solvent usage, high energy consumption, and risks of nanoparticle leaching. While independent life-cycle studies suggest waste-derived biochars offer clear environmental advantages over conventional coal-based activated carbons, microplastic-specific cradle-to-grave life-cycle assessments remain limited. Consequently, no single adsorbent can currently be classified as universally sustainable. Pristine biochar holds substantial intrinsic sustainability potential, whereas magnetic biochar provides clear engineering advantages where rapid magnetic recovery and reuse are required. Finally, this review proposes an integrated evaluation framework combining life-cycle assessment (LCA), life-cycle costing (LCC), ecotoxicity parameters, microplastic mass balances, and end-of-life safety metrics to scale up sustainable freshwater remediation.
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How To Cite (APA)
Pushpa Sahni (October-2026). Life-cycle sustainability of biochar, magnetic biochar and emerging bio-based adsorbents for microplastic removal from freshwater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 11(10), c203-c212. https://doi.org/10.56975/ijnrd.v11i10.329237
Issue
Volume 11 Issue 10, October-2026
Pages : c203-c212
Other Publication Details
Paper Reg. ID: IJNRD_329237
Published Paper Id: IJNRD2610222
Research Area: Chemistry All
Author Type: Indian Author
Country: Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Published Paper PDF: https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2610222.pdf
Published Paper URL: https://ijnrd.org/viewpaperforall?paper=IJNRD2610222
Crossref DOI: https://doi.org/10.56975/ijnrd.v11i10.329237
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