Space Tourism: Governance, Economics, and Sustainability

Registration ID: IJNRD_328972

Published ID: IJNRD2610131

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R. Durai, S. Gnanasaranya, V. Kaveri, M. S. Fathima Begam, Sruthi Mohan , S. Ramaswamy

Space Tourism, Commercial Spaceflight, Outer Space Treaty, Orbital Congestion, Stratospheric Forcing, Space Jurisprudence, Upper Airspace Management, Export Control, Global South Equity, Sustainable Astronautics.

The structural transition of human spaceflight from an exclusive instrument of state-directed geopolitical rivalry to an expanding commercial marketplace marks a profound institutional evolution within the governance of the global commons. This paper provides a rigorous, multidisciplinary examination of the commercial space tourism industry, integrating theoretical and empirical perspectives across political economy, international jurisprudence, atmospheric chemistry, and multilateral policy coordination. The maturation of reusable launch systems, additive manufacturing, and private venture funding has substantially lowered marginal orbital payload costs, shifting access to outer space from career state astronauts to private flight participants. Nevertheless, this rapid market growth generates substantial systemic hazards and external diseconomies. From an ecological perspective, suborbital and orbital launch vehicles emit black carbon particulates, reactive chlorine radicals, nitrogen oxides, and water vapour directly into the stratosphere and mesosphere. These emissions initiate catalytic ozone degradation and persistent radiative forcing with multi-year atmospheric residence times. Operationally, accelerating launch cadences compound orbital congestion across Low Earth Orbit corridors, exacerbating hypervelocity impact risks governed by the Kessler syndrome and disrupting civil aviation systems through extensive airspace closures. Jurisprudentially, the sector strains existing international legal regimes. An acute normative dissonance persists between the collective principles of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty—which designates the celestial domain as the non-appropriable province of all humanity—and the private extraction of commercial value by ultra-high-net-worth consumers. Furthermore, domestic regulatory frameworks that rely on experimental informed-consent regimes transfer physical and financial liabilities onto participants, creating direct friction with sovereign liability obligations under the 1972 Liability Convention and air sovereignty principles under the 1944 Chicago Convention. Compounding these governance challenges are national export control regimes, such as the United States International Traffic in Arms Regulations, which restrict multinational technical co-operation while marginalising non-spacefaring nations across the Global South. To ensure the long-term sustainability of the orbital environment, this paper delineates a polycentric regulatory architecture comprising dynamic upper airspace management, standardised passenger protection covenants, mandatory active debris remediation mechanisms, and multilateral stratospheric carbon accounting frameworks administered through enhanced collaboration between the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Together, these integrated interventions offer an actionable pathway to reconcile private entrepreneurial dynamism with public-interest safeguards, planetary ecological protection, and equitable governance of outer space.

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R. Durai, S. Gnanasaranya, V. Kaveri, M. S. Fathima Begam, & Sruthi Mohan , S. Ramaswamy (October-2026). Space Tourism: Governance, Economics, and Sustainability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 11(10), b274-b282. https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2610131.pdf

Volume 11 Issue 10, October-2026

Pages : b274-b282

Paper Reg. ID: IJNRD_328972

Published Paper Id: IJNRD2610131

Research Area: Other area not in list

Author Type: Indian Author

Country: -, -, India

Published Paper PDF: https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2610131.pdf

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Journal Name: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT(IJNRD)

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