Aadhaar-Based Biometric Authentication in India: A Critical Study of Privacy and Data Security Concerns under Constitutional Law.

Registration ID: IJNRD_326474

Published ID: IJNRD2606304

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Khushi Mogha

Keywords: Aadhaar, Biometric Authentication, Privacy, Data Security, Constitutional Law, Digital Personal Data Protection.

Abstract The Aadhaar project represents one of the world's largest biometric identity systems, encompassing more than a billion residents in India. Introduced to ensure efficient delivery of welfare benefits and eliminate leakages in public distribution systems, Aadhaar has significantly transformed digital governance. However, the extensive collection, storage, and use of biometric information have generated serious concerns regarding privacy, informational autonomy, surveillance, and data security. The recognition of privacy as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India marked a constitutional milestone and profoundly influenced the legal assessment of Aadhaar. This paper critically examines the constitutional validity of Aadhaar-based biometric authentication with special emphasis on privacy and data protection concerns. It analyses the constitutional framework under Articles 14, 19, and 21, evaluates significant judicial pronouncements, and studies legislative developments including the Aadhaar and Other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. The paper argues that although Aadhaar has contributed to administrative efficiency and inclusive governance, deficiencies relating to informed consent, proportionality, data minimisation, and institutional accountability continue to challenge its constitutional legitimacy. The study concludes by proposing reforms aimed at balancing technological innovation with the protection of fundamental rights in a constitutional democracy.

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Khushi Mogha (June-2026). Aadhaar-Based Biometric Authentication in India: A Critical Study of Privacy and Data Security Concerns under Constitutional Law.. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 11(6), d50-d59. https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2606304.pdf

Volume 11 Issue 6, June-2026

Pages : d50-d59

Paper Reg. ID: IJNRD_326474

Published Paper Id: IJNRD2606304

Research Area: Other area not in list

Author Type: Indian Author

Country: delhi, Delhi, India

Published Paper PDF: https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2606304.pdf

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