Paper Title
INDOOR AND OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS ON HEALTH IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY
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Registration ID: IJNRD_307910
Published ID: IJNRD2506262
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Keywords
Pollutants. Fuel. Wood. Indoor pollution. Outdoor pollution. Kerosene.Pollutants.
Abstract
The air pollution in Pakistan is a great problem. In Urban and Rural areas The people use wood, biomass, kerosene, and burn grass and tree wood in winter. The vehicle, industries, preparation of bricks, the dust, mining industries, cooking, tobacco, cleaning carpets cleaning vehicles, wood working, all contribute to outdoor/ indoor pollution in environment. In winter 98% peoples in urban and rural areas burn wood, biomass, and gas heaters. Instead gas stoves for cooking are also used in villages and cities. The world- wide report on deaths have been recorded. The annual burden of diseases due to indoor and out- door air pollution amounts 22000 premature adult deaths, 163432 DALYS lost while that for indoor pollution amounts cases of acute respiratory infections and 28000 deaths / year have been recorded by WHO/EMRO, 2024, MDPI KAUSAR 2023. In Pakistan biomass fuel is used frequently. The biomass stoves are used all over Pakistan. Biomass fule in traditional stoves produce high level of indoor pollutants. In Pakistan 98% of Rural and 75% Urban households depend on biomass fuels. This study investigates variations in indoor/ outdoor concentration of particulate matter. During various activities for different micro environments in Pakistan, a rural site average indoor/outdoor ratio for PM2.5, PM2.10 and PM[1] in kitchens using biomass fules were 5.65, 6.26, and 6.92 respectively. A large variation was recorded in the mass concentration of particulate matter during cooking with concentration in range 5000-8500 micron per million recorded by WHO. In a living room at a Rural site, the average indoor/outdoor ratio for PM2.5, PM2.10, PM[1] were 3.1, 4.3, and 4.9 respectively. As the Urban site, the average cleaning and smoking were identified as main contributers to the high indoor levels of particulate matter. This study showed considerably high concentrations of particulate matter in kitchens using biomass fuels as compared to living area. It is estimated that 24% of the global burden of diseases and 23% of deaths can be attributed to environment. About 36% of the burden affects children from 0-14 y. WHO estimated health observatory 200 deaths/ 120000 due to environment in Pakistan. In villages where access is not possible deaths rate is > WHO. Pakistan annual burden of diseases due to outdoor air pollution are 22000 premature adult deaths. 163432 DALYS lost, while indoor pollution amounts 40million cases of acute respiratory infections and 28000 deaths/y. WHO estimated 30 deaths /100000 are due to indoor pollution. About 25 deaths /100000 are due to out- door air pollution. The survey in villages of Sindh, Punjab, Azad Kashmir and Khyber area showed > deaths than estimated. It was found that > 40 deaths /100000 are in villages due to indoor pollution and > 30 due to out- door pollution.
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How To Cite (APA)
Muhammad Arshad Khan, Dr. Areena Arshad, Dr. Azka Arshad, Aqdas Saleem, & Zoonash younas (June-2025). INDOOR AND OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS ON HEALTH IN PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 10(6), c529-c542. https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2506262.pdf
Issue
Volume 10 Issue 6, June-2025
Pages : c529-c542
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Paper Reg. ID: IJNRD_307910
Published Paper Id: IJNRD2506262
Research Area: Science and Technology
Author Type: Indian Author
Country: -, -, India
Published Paper PDF: https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2506262.pdf
Published Paper URL: https://ijnrd.org/viewpaperforall?paper=IJNRD2506262
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