Phamacovilignce study of chloroquine as an antimalarial drugmala

Registration ID: IJNRD_302194

Published ID: IJNRD2411245

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Miss.Namrata P. Dumale, Miss.Pallavi S. Kandalkar, Dr.Kawade Rajendra M

Malaria, plasmodium, anopheles mosquitos, sign and symptoms, clinical trials, transmission, antimalarial drug

Chloroquine, a drug used for over 80 years to treat and prevent malaria and, more recently, to treat autoimmune diseases, is very safe but has a plethora of dose-dependent effects. By increasing pH in acidic compartments it inhibits for example lysosomal enzymes. In the context of cancer, Chloroquine was found to have direct effects on different types of malignancies that could potentiate chemotherapies. For example, the anti-malaria drug may inhibit both the multidrug-resistance pump and autophagy (mechanisms that tumor cells may use to resist chemotherapies), intercalate in DNA and enhance the penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs in cells or solid cancer tissues. However, these activities were mostly demonstrated at high doses of Chloroquine (higher than 10 mg/kg or 10 mg/l i.e. ca. 31 μM). Nevertheless, it was reported that daily uptake of clinically acceptable doses (less than 10 mg/kg) of Chloroquine in addition to chemo-radio-therapy increases the survival of glioblastoma patients (Sotelo et al., 2006; Briceno et al., 2007). However, the optimal dose and schedule of this multi-active drug with respect to chemotherapy has never been experimentally determined. The present article reviews the several known direct and indirect effects of different doses of Chloroquine on cancer and how those effects may indicate that a fine tuning of the dose/schedule of Chloroquine administration versus chemotherapy may be critical to obtain an adjuvant effect of Chloroquine in anti-cancer treatments. We anticipate that the appropriate (time and dose) addition of Chloroquine to the standard of care may greatly and safely potentiate current anti-cancer treatments.Malaria is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by parasites belonging to the Plasmodium genus, notably Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium knowlesi. The disease is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The parasite undergoes a complex life cycle, involving both human and mosquito hosts. Malaria shows various symptoms include fever, chills, sweating, and flu-like signs. If not treated, severe cases can lead to complications like anemia, organ failure, and death, with heightened risks for vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. Efforts to control and eliminate malaria encompass a comprehensive strategy, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, antimalarial medications, and initiatives for vector control. Challenges in the fight against malaria include the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, mosquitoes resistant to insecticides, and the necessity for sustained public health interventions. Ongoing research aims to develop novel tools, vaccines, and strategies to achieve the ultimate objective of eradicating malaria and reducing its global impact on human health.

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Miss.Namrata P. Dumale, Miss.Pallavi S. Kandalkar, & Dr.Kawade Rajendra M (November-2024). Phamacovilignce study of chloroquine as an antimalarial drugmala. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 9(11), c404-c418. https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2411245.pdf

Volume 9 Issue 11, November-2024

Pages : c404-c418

Paper Reg. ID: IJNRD_302194

Published Paper Id: IJNRD2411245

Research Area: Pharmacy All

Author Type: Indian Author

Country: ch.shambhajinagar, Maharashtra , India

Published Paper PDF: https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2411245.pdf

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