Paper Title
Impacts of HIV Subtype on Occurrence of the HIV - Dementia among the HIV Patients who are on HIV-1 Antiretroviral therapy in Dar es salaam and Njombe region, Tanzania
Article Identifiers
Registration ID: IJNRD_213186
Published ID: IJNRD2402161
: Click Here to Get
About Hard Copy and Transparent Peer Review Report
Authors
Keywords
HIV-1, HIV-2, HIV 1+2 dual Infections, Dementia, Antiretroviral therapy
Abstract
HIV/AIDS -dementia is a common complex condition that occurs to the patients infected with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with CD4 less than 200 cell/ml. HIV-Dementia occurs when the HIV virus spreads to the brain and Central nerve system. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce the occurrence HIV dementia if timely initiated and properly used during the course of the treatment. We aimed to determine the relationship between Dementia and HIV subtype in people leaving with HIV (PLHIV) on HIV-1 ART. A hospital based retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in Njombe and Dar es salaam region in Tanzania. HIV-seropositive (HIV+) individuals who were on HIV -1 ART regimen from 2016 to 2021 were recruited in the study. Questionnaire and WHO AIDS-Dementia Assessment tool (2012) and The International HIV-Dementia Scale were used to assess the presence of dementia among the HIV patients on ART. All data gathered were entered in the SPSS version 26.0 for analysis and interpretation. Frequencies and Percentage was used to interpret data. Univariate Logistic regression and Chi-square were used to find the association of the occurrence of HIV dementia. A total of 300 PLHIV were recruited in the study, whereas, 140 (46.7%) were male and 160 (53.3%) female. The mean age of the participants was 35 (± 0.24) years and ranged from 15–90 years old. Overall, 132(44.0%) of the participants had dementia. The higher prevalence of dementia were observed in 59.2% participants with HIV-1/HIV-2 (PLHIV-1+2), 54.6% with HIV-2 (PLHIV-2) and 38.2% for participants with HIV-1 (PLHIV-1) infection . After adjusting age, sex, level of education, marital status, monthly income, occupation, baseline CD4, weight and baseline viral load; PLHIV-2 had 1.81 fold increased risk of dementia (RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.36) and PLHIV-1+2 had 1.71 fold high risk of dementia compared with PLHIV-1 infected (RR 1.71, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.29) compared with HIV-1 patients. Age, sex, level of education, marital status, monthly income and occupation were observed as perpetuating factors for occurrence of the HIV dementia. The study documented high risks of occurrence of the HIV dementia among the PLHIV-2 and PLHIV-1+2 participants Also the study observed age, sex , economic status and marital status as perpetuating for occurrence of HIV dementia. Therefore, the study recommend the use of the proper ART regimen for HIV-2 and HIV 1+2 dual infection to reduce the occurrence of the HIV-dementia among the HIV patients.
Downloads
How To Cite (APA)
Kigumi Hamimu Omary, Mmbaga Blandina Theophil,, Nyanda Elias Ntinginya, Olomi Willyhelmina, , & Vianney John-Mary (February-2024). Impacts of HIV Subtype on Occurrence of the HIV - Dementia among the HIV Patients who are on HIV-1 Antiretroviral therapy in Dar es salaam and Njombe region, Tanzania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 9(2), b481-b488. https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2402161.pdf
Issue
Volume 9 Issue 2, February-2024
Pages : b481-b488
Other Publication Details
Paper Reg. ID: IJNRD_213186
Published Paper Id: IJNRD2402161
Research Area: Medical Science
Author Type: Foreign Author
Country: Morogoro, Morogoro, Tanzania, United Republic of
Published Paper PDF: https://ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2402161.pdf
Published Paper URL: https://ijnrd.org/viewpaperforall?paper=IJNRD2402161
About Publisher
Journal Name: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT(IJNRD)
UGC CARE JOURNAL PUBLICATION | ISSN: 2456-4184 | IMPACT FACTOR: 8.76 Calculated By Google Scholar | ESTD YEAR: 2016
An International UGC CARE JOURNAL PUBLICATION, Low Cost, Scholarly Open Access, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal Impact Factor 8.76 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal Indexing in All Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator
Publisher: IJNRD (IJ Publication) Janvi Wave | IJNRD.ORG | IJNRD.COM | IJPUB.ORG
Copyright & License
© 2026 - Authors hold the copyright of this article. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. and The Open Definition.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
🛡️ Disclaimer: The content, data, and findings in this article are based on the authors’ research and have been peer-reviewed for academic purposes only. Readers are advised to verify all information before practical or commercial use.
The journal and its editorial board are not liable for any errors, losses, or consequences arising from its use.
Publication Timeline
Article Preview: View Full Paper
Call For Paper
IJNRD is a Scholarly Open Access, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, and UGC CARE Journal Publication with a High Impact Factor of 8.76 (calculated by Google Scholar & Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool). It is a Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Low-Cost, and Transparent Peer Review Journal Publication that adheres to the New UGC CARE Transparent Peer-Reviewed Journal Policy and aligns with Scopus Journal Publication standards to ensure the highest level of research quality and credibility.
IJNRD offers comprehensive Journal Publication Services including indexing in all major databases and metadata repositories, Digital Object Identifier (Crossref DOI) assignment for each published article with additional fees, citation generation tools, and full Open Access visibility to enhance global research reach and citation impact.
The INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (IJNRD) aims to advance applied, theoretical, and experimental research across diverse academic and professional fields. The journal promotes global knowledge exchange among researchers, developers, academicians, engineers, and practitioners, serving as a trusted platform for innovative, peer-reviewed journal publication and scientific collaboration.
Indexing Coverage: Google Scholar, SSRN, ResearcherID-Publons, Semantic Scholar (AI-Powered Research Tool), Microsoft Academic, Academia.edu, arXiv.org, ResearchGate, CiteSeerX, ResearcherID (Thomson Reuters), Mendeley, DocStoc, ISSUU, Scribd, and many other recognized academic repositories.
Transparent Peer Review Journal Publication: IJNRD operates a strict double-blind peer review system managed by 3000+ expert reviewers, ensuring ethical, unbiased, and high-quality review for every research paper.
For Indian Authors : Get a transparent peer review report from Scholar9.com for just ₹1000. View Sample Report
For Foreign Authors : A detailed peer review report is available through Scholar9.com for $20 USD. View Sample Report
Transparent Peer Review Journal Publication
⭐ Transparent Peer Review | 🕵️♂️ Double-Blind | 👨🏫 3000+ Expert Reviewers | 🇮🇳 Report for India Author ₹1000 | 🌐 Report for Foreign Author $20 | 📄 Sample Reports on Scholar9.com | 🌍 High Credibility | ⚖️ Ethical & Unbiased Evaluation
How to submit the paper?
By Our website
Click Here to Submit Paper Online
Recently, the UGC discontinued the UGC-CARE Journal List and introduced new parameters that allow publication in Transparent Peer-Reviewed (Refereed) Journals. IJNRD is Transparent Peer Review Journal Valid As per New UGC Notification.
You can now publish your research paper in IJNRD.ORG. IJNRD is a Transparent Peer-Reviewed Open Access (Refereed Journal), UGC and UGC CARE Approved, Crossref DOI, Multidisciplinary, Impact Factor calculate by Google Scholar. As an International, open-access, and online journal, Publishing with us ensures wider reach, academic credibility, and enhanced recognition for your work.
For more details, refer to the official notice: UGC Public Notice
⭐ Low Cost ₹1570 | 📚 UGC CARE Approved | 🔍 Peer-Reviewed | 🌐 Open Access | 🔗 Crossref DOI & Global Indexing | 📊 Google Scholar Impact Factor | 🧪 Multidisciplinary
Submit Paper Online Call for Paper About IJNRD UGC CARE Approval
Important Dates for Current issue
Paper Submission Open For: February 2026
Current Issue: Volume 11 | Issue 2 | February 2026
Impact Factor: 8.76
Last Date for Paper Submission: Till 28-Feb-2026
Notification of Review Result: Transparent peer review process - your paper is evaluated by experts, and you receive acceptance or rejection updates via email and SMS.
Publication of Paper: Once all documents are submitted, your paper is published without delay, and you can instantly download your certificate and confirmation letter online.
Frequency: Monthly (12 issue Annually).
Journal Type: IJNRD is an international open-access journal offering Low Cost Journal Publication, transparent Peer Review Journal Publication, Crossref DOI, and multidisciplinary research visibility under UGC CARE Approved Journal Publication.
Subject Category: Research Area
Approval, Licenses and Indexing: More Details
Call For Paper - Volume 11 | Issue 2 | February 2026
IJNRD.org offers low-cost journal publication starting at ₹1570 with UGC CARE Approved, refereed, peer-reviewed, open-access publishing. This multidisciplinary monthly journal, available in both online and print formats, features a strong Google Scholar-based impact factor of 8.76, Transparent Peer Review, CrossRef DOI, global indexing, fast publication, and complete metadata for maximum research visibility and citation impact across multidisciplinary domains.
Volume 11 | Issue 2 | February 2026 | IJNRD Transparent Peer Review Certificate | Submit Paper Online
⭐ UGC CARE Approved Refereed Journal | 🔍 Transparent Peer Review | 🌐 Open Access Publishing | 💰 Low-Cost ₹1570 | 🔗 CrossRef DOI & Global Indexing | 📊 Google Scholar Impact Factor 8.76 | 🧪 Multidisciplinary | Online & Print
Submit Paper Online
