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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Peer Reviewed & Refereed Journals, Open Access Journal ISSN Approved Journal No: 2456-4184 | Impact factor: 8.76 | ESTD Year: 2016 Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, Impact factor 8.76 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool) , Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI) |
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| Paper Title: | A case control study of risk of pulmonary tuberculosisamong cigarette smokers in hiv infected patients. |
| Authors Name: | DR. ANSARI MOHAMMAD NAEEM MOHAMMAD AMEEN , DR ZORAMTHANGA , DR DON HALLIDAY |
| Download E-Certificate: | Download |
| Author Reg. ID: |
IJNRD_204481
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| Published Paper Id: | IJNRD2308379 |
| Published In: | Volume 8 Issue 8, August-2023 |
| DOI: | http://doi.one/10.1729/Journal.35922 |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT Introduction: Recognized as an emerging disease only in early 1980s, AIDS has rapidly established itself throughout the world, and is likely to endure and persist well into 21st century. AIDS has evolved from mysterious illness to a global pandemic which has infected tens of millions in less than 20 years. Promising development is seen in recent years in global efforts to address the AIDS epidemic, including increased access to effective treatment and preventive programs. However, the number of people living with HIV continues to grow, as does the number of deaths due to AIDS. Results: The present study was undertaken to study the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis among cigarette smokers in HIV infected patients. The study included 35 patients as cases with history of cigarette smoking with pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV infected patients and 35 patients as controls with no history of cigarette smoking with pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV infected patients. There was male predominance in both the groups. Majority of the patients (57.1%) in Controls group and 88.6% of the patients in Cases group were males in the age group of 50-59 years. Significant number of patients in Cases group were educated upto primary schooling or lesser as compared to Controls group (45.7% vs. 14.3%) and 60% patients in Cases group were unemployed. The median duration of HIV infection was significantly shorter among Cases group as compared to Controls group (44 days vs. 80 days). Median CD4 count was lower (60 vs. 81 cells/mm3, P = 0.03) and median viral load was higher (173 vs. 67 copies/ul per thousand, among Cases versus Controls group. 16 patients in Cases group were current smokers whereas 19 patients were former smokers. 3 patients in Current Smokers smoked 1-5 cigarettes per day while 6 and 7 patients respectively smoked 6- 10 and >10 cigarettes respectively. 2 patients in Current Smokers smoked for 1-5 years while 4 and 10 patients respectively smoked 6-10 and >10 years respectively. 8 patients in Former Smokers smoked for 1-5 years while 7 and 4 patients respectively smoked 6-10 and >10 years respectively. There was significant association between the groups as per Chi-Square test (p<0.05). Conclusion: There are approximately 2.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in India - the young being particularly vulnerable. The prevalence of smoking has increased in India especially among rural, lower socio-economic and illiterate men. Studies have shown that HIV-infected smokers may be at additional risk for several infectious and non-infectious complications, including malignancies and cardiovascular events. As the epidemiology of TB, HIV and tobacco merge, it is important to address tobacco use as the leading cause of preventable death to ensure that patients with TB and HIV can realize the benefits of life-saving TB treatment. Future research is needed to assess the impact of extensive programs to encourage adults with HIV to stop smoking to reduce the odds of TB and promote general health for patients with HIV. |
| Keywords: | RISK OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS , CIGERATTE SMOKERS, HIV INFECTED PATIENTS |
| Cite Article: | "A case control study of risk of pulmonary tuberculosisamong cigarette smokers in hiv infected patients.", International Journal of Novel Research and Development (www.ijnrd.org), ISSN:2456-4184, Vol.8, Issue 8, page no.d591-d601, August-2023, Available :http://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2308379.pdf |
| Downloads: | 000118758 |
| ISSN: |
2456-4184 | IMPACT FACTOR: 8.76 Calculated By Google Scholar| ESTD YEAR: 2016 An International Scholarly Open Access Journal, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal Impact Factor 8.76 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal Indexing in All Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator |
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Published Paper ID:IJNRD2308379 Registration ID: 204481 Published In: Volume 8 Issue 8, August-2023 DOI (Digital Object Identifier): http://doi.one/10.1729/Journal.35922 Page No: d591-d601 Country: BHIWANDI, MAHARASHTRA, India Research Area: Medical Science Publisher : IJ Publication Published Paper URL : https://www.ijnrd.org/viewpaperforall?paper=IJNRD2308379 Published Paper PDF: https://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2308379 |
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